Median sternotomy is a surgical procedure primarily utilized in thoracic surgery to gain access to the heart and other vital structures within the chest cavity. The term median refers to the midline of the body, while sternotomy pertains to the surgical opening of the sternum or breastbone, which is crucial for allowing a clear view and access to areas like the heart, lungs, and major vessels. The operation begins with the careful preparation of the patient, usually involving general anesthesia to ensure that the patient is unconscious and free of pain. Following the administration of anesthesia, the surgeon makes a vertical incision down the middle of the chest, often starting just below the collarbone and extending down to the xiphoid process at the bottom of the sternum. Once the skin and underlying tissues are incised, specialized surgical instruments are employed to divide the sternum along its length, typically using a powered oscillating saw. This technique results in the sternum being split into two halves, which can then be retracted laterally to provide a wide and unobstructed view of the thoracic cavity. In performing median sternotomy, care is taken to preserve the surrounding tissues, including muscles, nerves, and connective tissues, which are crucial for maintaining chest wall integrity and function. After the sternum is divided, numerous surgical interventions can be performed, such as cardiac procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting, valve repair or replacement, and even heart transplants. The versatility of median sternotomy makes it a preferred approach for many complex cardiac surgeries. Following the completion of the necessary surgical procedures, the sternum is typically reapproximated using stainless steel wire or plates to facilitate proper healing and stability. The incision in the skin is then closed in layers, often with sutures or staples, allowing for subsequent recovery. Postoperative care is crucial in the recovery process, as patients are monitored for potential complications, including infections, bleeding, or issues related to the heart or lungs. The median sternotomy procedure has a significant impact not only on the operative field but also on long-term recovery and outcomes for patients undergoing major thoracic surgeries. Despite being an invasive approach, median sternotomy has been the standard method for accessing the heart due to its effectiveness and reliability. Overall, this surgical technique is fundamental in the field of cardiovascular surgery, allowing surgeons to perform intricate procedures that can improve patients' quality of life and prolong their lifespan when faced with serious cardiac conditions. As with any surgical procedure, thorough preoperative assessment and careful postoperative management are essential to minimize risks and ensure optimal recovery.
